Philip A. Dynia, Ph.D., is an associate professor in the political science department at Loyola University in New Orleans. His research focuses on American politics, with a concentration in courts and constitutional law.
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Rights of Students
Public school students enjoy First Amendment protection based on the type of expression and their age. Students do not shed their First Amendment rights at the schoolhouse gate.
Vagueness
Courts in the United States give particular scrutiny to vague laws relative to First Amendment issues because of their possible chilling effect on protected rights.
World War I
Cases challenging the Espionage Act, used in World War I to prosecute those who objected to the war, laid the foundation for modern interpretation of the First Amendment.
World War II
During World War II, the Supreme Court began to apply the clear and present danger standard of First Amendment protection to dissident political speech.