Mitzi Ramos, who holds a Ph.D. in political science and government from the University of Illinois, Chicago, is the Latin American recruitment and educational services associate director of graduate student and professional and career development. Previously, Ramos spent six years as a professional lecturer at DePaul University in Illinois. In addition to being a recipient of the Diversifying Higher Education Faculty in Illinois fellowship, Ramos received the Chancellor’s committee academic professional recognition award in 2020.

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Anti-Federalists

The opposition of the Anti-Federalists to the 1787 U.S. Constitution without a bill of rights was an important factor leading to the adoption of the First Amendment.

Federalists

Federalists supported the ratification of the Constitution and compromised by adding a Bill of Rights, including the First Amendment, to the Constitution.

Flag Protection Acts of 1968 and 1989

Two acts were passed by Congress in 1968 and 1989 to protect the U.S. flag from being burned by protesters. The Court struck both down on First Amendment grounds.