Dale Mineshima-Lowe is an academic co-director for environmental education projects and associate lecturer in the School of Social Sciences at Birkbeck, University of London. Dale is also a visiting faculty member at Parami University (USA/Myanmar), managing editor for the Center of International Relations, a think tank based in Washington, D.C., and an OSUN-CLASP Fellow (2021- 2023). She has expertise in democratic transitions and governance issues such as the rule of law and access to justice within the EU and Central and Eastern European countries and towards Southeast Europe. Mineshima-Lowe’s current research is interested in how civic organizations are engaging with digital technologies to combat corruption and have a positive impact on environmental and sustainability issues with assistance of citizens.

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American Civil Liberties Union

The American Civil Liberties Union states as its mission the protection and preservation of First Amendment rights, equal protection under the law, and the right of privacy.

Board of Directors of Rotary International v. Rotary Club of Duarte (1987)

In Board of Directors of Rotary International v. Rotary Club of Duarte (1987), the Supreme Court said Rotary had no First Amendment right to exclude women.

Congress

The Court has ruled that some laws passed by Congress violate the First Amendment. Some congressional investigations have raised questions about the right of association.

Criminal Syndicalism Laws

Thousands of Americans were arrested under criminal syndicalism laws in the late 1910s and early 1920s despite being in direct opposition to the First Amendment.

USA Patriot Act of 2001 (2001)

The Patriot Act, passed after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, has been criticized for incursions into Americans' civil liberties and First Amendment rights of association.