A Florida court said 2 Live Crew’s rap lyrics were obscene, but a circuit
court reversed the decision, saying the music was protected by the First
Amendment.

Alvin Goldstein was an outspoken publisher of pornography and advocate of
free speech who was engaged in several First Amendment battles in the
courts.

Angela Tilton Heywood and Ezra Heywood were 19th-century editors, publishers and writers who founded the free love journal The Word. Ezra was prosecuted under the anti-obscenity federal Comstock Act for sending writings deemed to be obscene, some of them by his wife Angela. Ezra had attended Brown University in Rhode Island and entered its divinity school

Arthur Miller’s criticisms of McCarthyism in one of his plays led to a
congressional investigation, where he stood by his First Amendment rights
of association.

Benjamin Franklin, a man of many talents, helped shape the U.S.
Constitution and was a lifetime champion of First Amendment freedoms,
particularly freedom of the press.

Benjamin Franklin Bache, grandson of Benjamin Franklin, was arrested under
the Sedition Act of 1798. In his partisan journalism he was accused of
libeling President John Adams.

Daniel Ellsberg released the Pentagon Papers, leading to a ruling that said
restricting publication of the papers represented prior restraint in
violation of the First Amendment.

Daniel Fowle highlighted freedom of the press in the Colonial period before
adoption of the First Amendment. He was arrested for publishing a pamphlet
satirizing the legislature.

Through controversial political comments, the Dixie Chicks — a bluegrass
trio — became a symbol of U.S. political polarization and the First
Amendment’s protection of free speech.

Newspaper editor Elijah Lovejoy, killed in 1837 by a mob incensed by his
anti-slavery views, is a martyr in the causes of abolitionism and First
Amendment free speech.

Elizabeth “Elmina” Drake was born in December 1827 to Quaker parents in LaGrange, New York, near Poughkeepsie. The Drake home was a haven for abolitionists, women’s rights activists, and other radicals. By 14 she was making notes about parts of the Bible that she found ridiculous. She scribbled “infidel” (atheist) sayings on the eggs the

George Carlin was a controversial comedian whose “Filthy Words” monologue
sparked a Supreme Court case concerning government regulation of indecent
speech.

Howard Stern, one of the most controversial radio personalities,
consistently pushing the boundaries of First Amendment free expression
rights on public airwaves.

Hugh Hefner, founder of the controversial Playboy magazine, was a prominent
advocate of First Amendment rights. His magazine was thought to be obscene
by some.

The 1873 Comstock law criminalized the mailing of contraceptives and contraceptive information, and was passed by a young Civil War veteran, Anthony Comstock. Over the course of more than 40 years, he charged 4,000 people, including Margaret Sanger and Emma Goldman, under the law. For nearly nine years he pursued a self-taught sexologist, Ida C.

Julian Assange, founder of WikiLeaks, pled guilty in June 2024 to violating the U.S. Espionage Act in a conspiracy to obtain and disclose classified national defense documents. News organizations worried that the prosecution of Assange, who began publishing information in 2010, will have a chilling effect on journalists who report on national security issues.

Larry Flynt, controversial publisher of Hustler magazine, often claimed
First Amendment free speech protection when charged with obscenity and
pornography.

Comedian Lenny Bruce was arrested numerous times due to alleged obscenity.
Through his legal struggles, Bruce brought his craft more First Amendment
protection.

The sedition conviction of Luther Baldwin for drunken comments about
President John Adams stirred opposition to the Sedition Act of 1798’s
restrictions on First Amendment freedoms.

Margaret Sanger, mother of the birth control movement, was also a free speech activist prosecuted for publishing articles on birth control. She and her husband, Bill Sanger, moved from Westchester, New York, to Upper Manhattan with their two children in December 1910 so he could pursue a career as an artist. They joined their Socialist

Matthew Lyon was the first person to be prosecuted under the Sedition Act
of 1798. He challenged the Act on the grounds that it violated the First
Amendment.

Photographer Robert Mapplethorpe, who gained notoriety for his explicit
images, was posthumously a central figure in a First Amendment clash over
art and obscenity.

The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour led to discussions of First Amendment
free speech as it was regularly censored by CBS. The FCC refused to
intervene.

Thomas Bowdler edited Shakespeare’s plays to ensure that they were
family-friendly. Bowdler focused his efforts on revising sexual references
and blasphemy.

Many defended the First Amendment academic freedom of Professor Ward
Churchill after his essay asserting that U.S. foreign policies had incited
the 9/11 terrorist attacks.

William Benbow (1784-1864) was a British champion of press freedoms found
in the First Amendment of the American Constitution. He was convicted of
seditious libel three times.